Perceptual learning of motion direction discrimination in fovea: Separable mechanisms

Dosher and Lu (1998) [Perceptual learning reflects external noise filtering and internal noise reduction through channel reweighting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 (23), 13988-13993.] proposed three mechanisms of perceptual learning: stimulus enhancement, external noise exclusion, and multiplicative noise reduction. In this study, we used pre-training as a manipulation to evaluate the separability of these mechanisms as a key test of the theoretical framework. Observers were trained in identifying the motion direction of a moving sine-wave grating in fovea with varying amount of superimposed external noise across trials, after receiving no pre-training, pre-training in high external noise, or pre-training in zero external noise in the same task. We found: (1) Without pre-training, perceptual learning significantly reduced contrast thresholds by about the same amount across all the external noise levels. (2) Both types of pre-training significantly reduced contrast thresholds in the corresponding conditions. (3) Pre-training in high external noise greatly reduced subsequent learning in high external noise, accounting for 64.6% of the total (pre-training + subsequent) improvements in that condition. On the other hand, the amount of subsequent learning in low external noise conditions was essentially the same as the total (pre-training + subsequent) amount of improvements in high external noise, suggesting that pre-training in high external noise had mostly only improved performance in noisy displays. (4) Pre-training in zero external noise practically eliminated or left very little additional learning in all the external noise conditions. We concluded that the two mechanisms of perceptual learning, stimulus enhancement, and external noise exclusion, can be trained independently in motion direction discrimination in fovea; training in low noise suffices to improve observer performance over all the external noise conditions.